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Transport in Melbourne consists of extensive networks and a wide variety of transport services in the city of Melbourne, Australia, including: * The world's largest tram network. * Bus (which consist of 323 routes) and coach services. * A metro railway network (16 lines - the second largest in Australia). * A regional rail network (5 lines). * Interstate railway services (NSW TrainLink Southern and The Overland). * The largest freeway network in any Australian city.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=PTUA – 'The Alternative to Melbourne’s Freeway Explosion' )〕 * Two major passenger airports (including Tullamarine, the second busiest in Australia). * Port of Melbourne (Australia's busiest port for containerised and general cargo). * Multiple taxi, hire car and other small commercial passenger vehicle services. * Public bike-hire system (since mid-2010). According to the 2006 Census, in terms of travel to work or study Melbourne has the second highest rate of public transport usage among Australian capital cities with 17.7%, however this is a far distant second to Sydney's 26.3% and only just greater than Brisbane's 17.5%.〔(4102.0 – Australian Social Trends, 2008 ). Abs.gov.au.〕 As of 2009, the share of public transport measured in passenger kilometres is around 11%, with private motor vehicle accounting for 89%.〔(Evidence of mode shift in Australian cities (BITRE data) " Charting Transport ). Chartingtransport.wordpress.com (8 January 2010).〕 Melbourne has more roadspace per capita than any Australian city and its network of freeways is comparable with cities including Los Angeles and Atlanta〔()〕 and the city is also home to much of Australia's Automotive industry (although Holden, Ford and Toyota will pull out at the end of 2017, 2013 and the end of 2017 respectively). In 2002, the state government set an "aspirational goal" as part of Melbourne 2030 for this mode share to decrease to 80%, however the Eddington Report released in 2008 concluded that the mode share of private vehicles is likely to stay the same (or increase) to over 90% in 2005. This is despite booming figures for public transport growth in recent years and despite studies into road congestion in 2008, official VicRoads figures showed no growth in car travel on Melbourne's roads, possibly due to roads reaching full capacity. ==Public transport== Melbourne is served by a public transport system integrating rail, tram and bus services. Its extensive tram network is the largest in the world, integrated into both bus and train networks. Almost 300 bus routes and a train system comprising 16 lines service Melbourne, Greater Melbourne and suburban regions. Metropolitan, rural and interstate railway networks link together at Southern Cross Station, in Melbourne's CBD (Central Business District). A Space Syntax Approach Multiple Centrality Analysis of Melbourne's public transport network (excluding buses which were deemed too inefficient) in 2009, found that approximately 8.8% of the greater urban area and approximately 448,000 residents were serviced within 30 minutes of anywhere in the greater Melbourne area. This concluded that only 10–15% of the residents in Melbourne are serviced by appropriate and timely public transport. The public transport system in Melbourne carries 7% of all trips within the metropolitan area.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title= Study: Metropolitan Transport Forum )〕 In early 2009 this figure increased to 9%, with the share measured in passenger kilometres increasing to 11%.〔 Since World War II, Melbourne urban form changed to a dispersed city, car-oriented pattern which caused a decline in public transport use by commuters.〔Gleeson, B., Curtis, C., & Low, N. (2003). ‘Barriers to Sustainable Transport in Australia’, in N. Low and B. Gleeson (eds.), Making Urban Transport Sustainable, Palgrave Macmillan, New York, pp. 201–220.〕 Yet the old pattern of transport still reflected the Melbourne’s urban form.〔 In 1999, operation of the city's public transport system was franchised with Government through a dedicated statutory office, the Director of Public Transport, contracting out operation of rail and tram services. In 2006, franchising was estimated to have cost taxpayers $1.2 billion more than if the system had remained publicly operated. With the franchise extensions in 2009, taxpayers will pay an estimated $2.1 billion more by 2010. Melbourne has an integrated public transport ticketing system through the contactless ticketing system myki. Myki operates on all of Melbourne's Trains (Metro and V/Line), Trams and Buses it requires commuters to "touch-on" and "touch-off" at every entry and exit point.〔http://ptv.vic.gov.au/tickets/myki/touching-on-and-off〕 The rollout for myki began on Tuesday 29 December 2009, beginning with Melbourne's metropolitan railway network, and progressively onto trams, buses and regional trains (V/Line). Took over from Metcard as the only valid ticketing system on 30 June 2013. Myki Replaced the older Metcard as the only valid ticketing system on 30 June 2013.〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://ptv.vic.gov.au/tickets/refunds-and-replacements/ )〕 The Metcard system that used Magstrip technology and required to be validated, It also allowed use on all Train, Trams and Buses in the metropolitan system and some regional trains and coaches. A public bike-hire system came into service in mid-2010. Due to laws requiring all bike users to wear helmets (or face a fine of A$176), usage on the system has been lower than seen in other cities with similar systems. An attempt by the government has been made to rectify this by having helmet vending machines at some of the major bike stations, allowing spur-of-the-moment travel without risking a fine. The success of this is disputed. Public debate about the helmet laws remains ongoing. Melbourne transit is unique in the way that the stations are considerably closer to each other than are other similar train services. Melbourne is also unique in the fact that most of the forms of mass transport in the city would actually be considered hybrids if not a class of their own. The tramway is, by definition (excluding station distances), a tramway/light rail hybrid.〔(Comparison between trams and light rail ). Human Transit (26 March 2010).〕 Similarly, the Melbourne trains are commuter rails/heavy rails hybrids.〔Railways in Melbourne〕 Passenger trains in Victoria do, however, have regional rail and inter-city rail (non-hybrid). As of October 2013, smoking tobacco is prohibited in the sheltered areas of train stations, and tram and bus stops—between 2012 and 2013, 2002 people were issued with infringement notices. The state government announced a plan in October 2013 to prohibit smoking on all Victorian railway station platforms and raised tram stops. This plan was implemented on the 1st of March 2014 prohibiting smoking at all metropolitan public transport infrastructure. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Transport in Melbourne」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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